Creating a new transgenic strain.

<p>(A) DNA is injected into insect eggs; offspring of injection survivors are screened for presence of the marker gene indicating transgene presence. (B) Transposase-mediated transgene insertion.</p

Plus probes genotyping SNP CYP2C9*2.

<p>(A) is the graphic presentation of the amplification plot of PCR for genotyping SNP CYP2C9*2 on three genomic DNA samples and three negative controls. (B) is melting curves showing one sample is homozygous for G allele. (C) is melting curves showing one sample is heterozygous. (D) is melting curves showing one sample is homozygous for A allele.</p

Nucleic acid probe design and its melting profile.

<p>(A) Probe consists of a target-hybridising oligonucleotide (THO) labeled with a <u>F</u>luorophore at the 5′ end and a <u>Q</u>uencher at the 3′end, and a partially complementary oligonucleotide (PCO) without a label. The hybrid of THO:PCO is named plus probe. The melting curve shows decreased fluorescence emission when temperature rises (left panel); the negative derivative plot of the emission reading versus temperature reveals a positive value of the melting peak (right panel). (B) Minus probe consists of a THO labeled with a <u>F</u>luorophore at the 5′ end and a <u>Q</u>uencher at the 3′end, and a PCO labeled with a <u>Q</u>uencher at the 3′ end. The melting curve shows increased fluorescence emission when temperature rises (left panel); the negative derivative plot of the emission reading versus temperature reveals a negative value of the melting peak (right panel).</p

Design of HPV16 and HPV18 probes and the use of the probes for amplification and melting curve analysis.

<p>(A) Hybrids of THO:PCO are formed through hybridisation of THO and PCO. (B) Melting profile of the mix of HPV16 and HPV18 probes is plotted as the negative derivative of the emission reading versus temperature. (C) is the graphic presentation of the amplification plot of PCR on five 10-fold serial dilutions of HPV16 templates. (D) is the same reaction as (C) showing the melting curve. (E) is the graphic presentation of the amplification plot of PCR on five 10-fold serial dilutions of HPV18 templates. (F) is the same reaction as (E) showing the melting curve. (G) is the graphic presentation of the amplification plot of PCR on five 10-fold serial dilutions of the mix of HPV16 and HPV18 templates. (H) is the same reaction as (G) showing the melting curve.</p

Effect of the three-way interaction on the longevity of males.

<p>Adding virgin (closed symbols) or refractory females (open symbols) has a similar effect on OX514A males (dashed lines, circles), but only adding virgin females substantially reduced the longevity of WT males (solid lines, squares). Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Number of females inseminated by, and longevity of males with and without rest days.

<p>WT males (solid line) inseminate more females than OX513A males (dashed line) both without (panel A)) and with (panel C)) rest days. Data points were calculated with the number of males that survived each day. WT males outlive their OX513A counterparts whether given rest days (panel D)) or not (panel B)). Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Average longevity of WT and OX513A males caged with virgin females.

<p>The longevity of WT (solid line, solid squares) and OX513A (dashed line, open circles) males decreased similarly with increasing numbers of virgin females (provided daily). Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Wing length.

<p>Comparisons of average wing length of WT and OX513A mosquitoes reared at different densities in 100 ml pots; error bars showing 95% CI.</p

Adult longevity.

<p>Survival curves of male WT (a) and OX513A (b) mosquitoes at different rearing densities. All treatments started with 30 individuals. Solid black line representing rearing density of 1 larva/ml; dashed black line representing rearing density of 4 larvae/ml; gray line representing rearing density of 8 larvae/ml.</p

Results for larval survival, age at pupation, wing length and longevity.

<p>Comparison of average (n ≥30 (± s.e.m.)) larval survival, age at pupation, wing length and longevity between mosquitoes of the WT and OX513A lines at different larval rearing densities.</p